Performance, Design Strategies, and Applications of Composite Materials for Electromagnetic and Magnetic Shielding: A Literature Review

Abstract

Electronic devices and wireless systems have been on the rise increasing the demand of effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) and magnetic shielding solutions. Despite its effectiveness, traditional metallic shields possess drawbacks in terms of size, rigidity, prone to corrosion and incapable of being fitted with other systems in the modern compact system. Composites made of polymer and carbon have become promising alternatives, with lightweight, flexible and tunable shielding properties. This review discusses the growing demand for shielding and the shortcomings of traditional materials, followed by the fundamental principles of EMI and magnetic shielding. Standardized characterization and measurement techniques are then discussed, with an overview of conventional metallic shields. Also, it determines the structural designs, fabrication techniques, and performances of polymer- and carbon-based composite materials across low- and high-frequency regimes. The practical uses of composites in aerospace, electronics, wearable, and biomedical systems are also highlighted. Lastly, current limitations and gaps in the research, such as broadband performance, mechanical flexibility, environmental stability, and standardization are defined to inform the creation of the next-generation composite shielding solutions. Ultimately, this review aims to provide insights to researchers and engineers to further develop and implement next-generation composite shielding solutions.